Week 6 midterm
Question 1
A noncompliant patient states, “Why do you want me to put this poison in my body?” Identify the best response made by the psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP).
Question 2
Which statement about neurotransmitters and medications is true?
Question 3
When an unstable patient asks why it is necessary to add medications to his current regimen, the PMHNP’s best response would be:
Question 4
During gene expression, what must occur prior to a gene being expressed?
Question 5
While genes have potential to modify behavior, behavior can also modify genes. How do genes impact this process?
Week 6 assignment
Assignment: Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia
Psychosis and schizophrenia greatly impact the brain’s normal processes, which interferes with the ability to think clearly. When symptoms of these disorders are uncontrolled, clients may struggle to function in daily life. However, clients often thrive when properly diagnosed and treated under the close supervision of a psychiatric mental health practitioner. For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat clients presenting with psychosis and schizophrenia.
Learning Resources
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Note: All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using this link. This link will take you to a log-in page for the Walden Library. Once you log into the library, the Stahl website will appear.
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
To access the following chapters, click on the Essential Psychopharmacology, 4th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate chapter. Be sure to read all sections on the left navigation bar for each chapter.
Chapter 4, “Psychosis and Schizophrenia”
Chapter 5, “Antipsychotic Agents”
Stahl, S. M. (2014b)
The prescriber’s guide (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
To access information on the following medications, click on The Prescriber’s Guide, 5th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate medication.
Review the following medications:
- amisulpride
- aripiprazole
- asenapine
- chlorpromazine
- clozapine
- flupenthixol
- fluphenazine
- haloperidol
- iloperidone
- loxapine
- lurasidone
- olanzapine
- paliperidone
- perphenazine
- quetiapine
- risperidone
- sulpiride
- thioridazine
- thiothixene
- trifluoperazine
- ziprasidone
Naber, D., & Lambert, M. (2009). The CATIE and CUtLASS studies in schizophrenia: Results and implications for clinicians. CNS Drugs, 23(8), 649-659. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923080-00002
Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Document: Midterm Exam Study Guide (PDF)
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(2), 261-276.
Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Clozapine REMS. (2015). Clozapine REMS: The single shared system for clozapine. Retrieved from https://www.clozapinerems.com/CpmgClozapineUI/rems/pdf/resources/Clozapine_REMS_A_Guide_for_Healthcare_Providers.pdf
Walden University. (2016). ASC success strategies: Studying for and taking a test. Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/ASCsuccess/ASCtesting
Required Media
Laureate Education. (2016j). Case study: Pakistani woman with delusional thought processes [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author
Note: This case study will serve as the foundation for this week’s Assignment.
Optional Resources
Chakos, M., Patel, J. K., Rosenheck, R., Glick, I. D., Hammer, M. B., Tapp, A., & … Miller, D. (2011). Concomitant psychotropic medication use during treatment of schizophrenia patients: Longitudinal results from the CATIE study. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, 5(3), 124-134. doi:10.3371/CSRP.5.3.2
Fangfang, S., Stock, E. M., Copeland, L. A., Zeber, J. E., Ahmedani, B. K., & Morissette, S. B. (2014). Polypharmacy with antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia: Trends in multiple health care systems. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 71(9), 728-738. doi:10.2146/ajhp130471
Lin, L. A., Rosenheck, R., Sugar, C., & Zbrozek, A. (2015). Comparing antipsychotic treatments for schizophrenia: A health state approach. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 86(1), 107-121. doi:10.1007/s11126-014-9326-2
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review this week’s Learning Resources. Consider how to assess and treat clients requiring anxiolytic therapy.
Walden NURS 6630 Week 6 Sample Paper
(Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia)
Assessing And Treating Clients With Psychosis And Schizophrenia Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Assessing and Treating Clients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia
In treating patients with mental disorders, it will be vital to evaluate the pharmacodynamics and the pharmacokinetics process of such drugs and their effects on the patients. This paper explores the decisions that will be made in treating a Pakistani woman with delusional thought processes.
Decision #1
For the first decision, I selected the Pakistani Woman to start by taking Invega Sustenna 234 mg intramuscular X1 followed by 156 mg intramuscular on day four and monthly after that. The administration of this medication seemed to be effective. After the client returned to the clinic after four weeks, they displayed a decrease in PANSS score by about 25% and a good way of tolerating medications. I selected the decision to administer Invega Sustenna to the patients as numerous evidence-based scholarly studies have shown that the drug effectively treats schizoaffective disorders when administered as a monotherapy (Li, Turkoz, & Zhang, 2015). The drug is effective, acting as a mood stabilizer, which is an important element in treating the Pakistani Woman. In the first decision I did not choose administer Zyprexa 10 mg orally as the drug is known to cause a lot of adverse side effects including weight gain, headaches, changes in personality and problems with memory and speech. I also did not choose to administer Abilify 10 mg orally as the drug is also known to cause adverse side effects including insomnia, weight gain, drooling, headache and dizziness and anxiety and restlessness among many others (Wani, Dar, Chandel, et al., 2015).
In deciding to administer Invega Sustenna 234 mg to the Pakistani Woman, I was hoping that I would tone down her delusions, which have made it difficult for her to live with her husband and children. Therefore, I was hoping that the client would stop having delusions such as the TV talking to her and viewing herself as Prophet Muhamad. I was also hoping to decrease the patient’s PANSS score. What I was hoping to achieve by making the first decision was similar to what I achieved because by administering Invega Sustenna, I was able to decrease the patient’s PANSS score by nearly 25%. This showed an improvement in the patient’s condition and having fewer delusions. By administering Invega Sustenna, I expected some side effects on the patient, such as weight gain and pain in the injection area.
Decision #2
For the second decision, I choose to continue the administration of Invega Sustenna to the patient but asked the nurses to change the injection sites to the deltoid muscle for the subsequent visits. I selected this decision as Invega Sustenna was effective in reducing the patient’s delusional symptoms. According to Morris and Tarpada (2017), the dosage of Invega Sustenna should be continued if no major side effects were experienced in the patients. After the first month of the administration of Invega Sustenna to the Pakistani Woman, no major side effects expected weight gain and pain in the injection site were witnessed. According to Emsley and Kilian (2018), to deal with pain in the injection areas, the injection in the patients would have to be performed on the deltoid muscles with adequate alternation of the injection. By making the second decision to continue the administration of Invega Sustenna but on the patient’s alternating deltoid muscles, I was hoping to keep lowering the incidences of delusions on the Pakistani Woman and to reduce the complaints of pain in the injection area.
What I was hoping to achieve by electing to continue the administration of Invega Sustenna to the Pakistani Woman and what I achieved was similar. This is because the drug managed to reduce most of the patient’s delusional symptoms, with a PANNS score of the patient reducing by 50%. The patient also stated that they experienced less pain in the injection areas. However, in continuing the administration of Invega Sustenna to the patients, I was also hoping that the clients would gain some weight. According to Emsley & Kilian (2018), weight gain among patients is one of the common side effects of Invega Sustenna. The patient gaining only 4.5 pounds during a whole treatment period of two months was therefore not abnormal in any way.
Decision #3
For the third decision, I decided to continue the administration of Invega Sustenna to the Pakistani Woman. According to Savitz, Xu, Gopal, et al. (2016), if Invega Sustenna effectively alleviates delusional symptoms among patients and does not cause any significant negative side effects on the patients, it should be continued till the client completely recovers. I also choose to counsel the patient on her weight gain as the weight gain caused by Invega Sustenna was the least the patient could encounter than other drugs that had similar efficacy. I made the decisions to make appointments with the dieticians and exercise psychologists.
By deciding to continue the treatment of Invega Sustenna on the patients, I was hoping that all the client’s delusional symptoms would disappear, and the patient would return to their normal life. I was also hoping that the client could control her weight gain through a quality diet and exercise. What I expected to achieve in making the decision to continue Invega Sustenna administration in the patient and what I achieved were similar. This is because the patient’s delusions were alleviated so that they would perform daily living activities. The patient was also able to perform manage her weight by taking a healthy diet and exercising.
Ethical Considerations
The ethical consideration that would impact the patients’ treatment plan would include beneficence, non-maleficence, and confidentiality (Howe, 2018). All the decisions made relating to the patient would thus be made for their benefits with any intentional harm to patients being avoided. The treatment process of the patient would also be kept confidential.
References
Emsley, R., & Kilian, S. (2018). Efficacy and safety profile of paliperidone palmitate injections
in the management of patients with schizophrenia: an evidence-based review. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 14, 205–223. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S139633.
Howe E. (2018). Ethical considerations when treating patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry
(Edgmont (Pa. : Township)), 5(4), 59–64.
Li, H., Turkoz, I., & Zhang, F. (2015). Efficacy and safety of once-monthly injection of
paliperidone palmitate in hospitalized Asian patients with acute exacerbated schizophrenia: an open-label, prospective, noncomparative study. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 12, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S83651.
Morris, M. T., & Tarpada, S. P. (2017). Long-Acting Injectable Paliperidone Palmitate: A
Review of Efficacy and Safety. Psychopharmacology bulletin, 47(2), 42–52.
Savitz A ,J., Xu, H., Gopal, S, Nuamah, I., Ravenstijn, P., Janik, A., Schotte, A., Hough, D.,
Fleischhacker, W. (2016). Efficacy and Safety of Paliperidone Palmitate 3-Month Formulation for Patients with Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Noninferiority Study, International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol. 19, Iss. 7.
Wani, R. A., Dar, M. A., Chandel, R. K., Rather, Y. H., Haq, I., Hussain, A., & Malla, A. A.
(2015). Effects of switching from olanzapine to aripiprazole on the metabolic profiles of patients with schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, open-label study. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 11, 685–693. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S80925
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