Explain the pathophysiological development of breast cancer.

Explain the pathophysiological development of breast cancer. Detail the varying types and oncogenic influences for each type. The pathophysiological development of breast cancer can be due to many factors such as reproductive, hormonal, lifestyle behaviors, genetics, and epigenetics. Most cases of breast cancer development are in women older than 55 years, however, women younger than 45 years old have a higher risk of getting breast cancer if they have close relatives who have had breast or ovarian cancer, have alterations in breast genes (BRCA1 & BRCA 2), of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, radiation treatment, history of breast problems, or high breast density (McCance & Huether, 2019). Breast cancer stemming from reproduction hormonal factors includes having a late first pregnancy after 35 years old and pregnancy related hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, and growth hormone can promote or initiate cancer cells (McCance & Huether, 2019). Epigenetic and lifestyle behaviors to breast cancer can be due to excess exposure to radiation, chemical carcinogens, infectious agents, smoking and low physical activity (McCance & Huether, 2019). Menopause comes at different ages for women. What are the changes causing menopause and what are the changes experienced after menopause? Menopause is when a woman (average age of about 50 years old) has 12 months of amenorrhea and marks a transitioning phase of no longer having reproduction capacity (Minkin, 2019). The transition from fertility to menopause is called the perimenopause phase and it is claimed to start from about 2 to 8 years before the last menstrual period and to end the following year (McCance & Huether, 2019). There are classic symptoms caused by menopause that include systemic changes such as having hot flashes; skeletal changes where bone mass is reduced which increases the risk for osteoporosis; and the genitourinary tract changes causing ovary shrinkage, uterus atrophy, and an increase in vaginal pH causing an increase in getting vaginitis (McCance & Huether, 2019). Reference McCance, K.L., & Huether, S.E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Elsevier. Minkin M. J. (2019). Menopause: Hormones, Lifestyle, and Optimizing Aging. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 46(3), 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2019.04.008 Read: State how risk factors include heredity, obesity, black race, and hypertension

ANSWER. PAPER DETAILS
Academic Level	Masters
Subject Area	Nursing
Paper Type	Essay
Number of Pages	1 Page(s)/275 words
Sources	1
Format	APA
Spacing	Double Spacing

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