Walden – NURS 6501 Week 2 Assignment – Altered Physiology

Week 2: Altered Physiology

With a place squarely in the spotlight for patients diagnosed with all manner of disease, APRNs must demonstrate not only support and compassion, but expertise to guide patients’ understanding of diagnoses and treatment plans.

This expertise goes beyond an understanding of disease and sciences, such as cellular pathophysiology. APRNs must become experts in their patients, understanding their medical backgrounds, pertinent characteristics, and other variables that can be factors in their diagnoses and treatments.

This week, you examine alterations in the immune system and the resultant disease processes. You consider patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, and the impact they have on altered physiology.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Evaluate cellular processes and alterations within cellular processes
• Analyze alterations in the immune system that result in disease processes
• Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
• Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology

Learning Resources

Required Readings

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

• Chapter 1: Cellular Biology; Summary Review
• Chapter 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents(pp. 46-61; begin again with Manifestations of Cellular Injury pp. 83-97); Summary Review
• Chapter 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases,
• Chapter 4: Genes and Genetic Diseases (stop at Elements of formal genetics); Summary Review
• Chapter 5: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases (stop at Genetics of common diseases); Summary Review
• Chapter 7: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
• Chapter 8: Adaptive Immunity (stop at Generation of clonal diversity); Summary Review
• Chapter 9: Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation (stop at Deficiencies in immunity); Summary Review
• Chapter 10: Infection (stop at Infectious parasites and protozoans); (start at HIV); Summary Review
• Chapter 11: Stress and Disease (stop at Stress, illness & coping); Summary Review
• Chapter 12: Cancer Biology (stop at Resistance to destruction); Summary Review
• Chapter 13: Cancer Epidemiology (stop at Environmental-Lifestyle factors); Summary Review

Note: You previously read these chapters in Week 1 and you are encouraged to review once again for this week.

Justiz-Vaillant, A. A., & Zito, P. M. (2019). Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. In StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/

​Credit Line: Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. (2019, June 18). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/. Used with permission of Stat Pearls.
Note: This article was presented in the Week 1 resources. If you read it previously you are encouraged to review it this week.

Required Media

Immunity and Inflammation

Khan Academy (2010, February 24). Inflammatory response | Human anatomy and physiology  | Health & medicine [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXSuEIMrPQk

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 14 minutes.

Soo, P. (2018, July 28). Pathophysiology Ch 10 alterations in immune function [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jz0wx1-jTds

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 37 minutes.

Acid-Base Balance #1

MedCram. (2012, April 28). Medical acid base balance, disorders & ABGs explained clearly [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wMEMhvrQxE

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 13 minutes.

Acid-Base Balance #2

MedCram. (2012, April 29). Medical acid base balance, disorders & ABGs explained clearly | 2 of 8 [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmEeKVTpOKI

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 15 minutes.

Hyponatremia

MedCram. (2017, December 23). Hyponatremia explained clearly [LK1] (remastered) – Electrolyte imbalances [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLajK5Vy55M

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 15 minutes.

Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 3, 7, and 8 that relate to alterations in immunity, hyponatremia, and acid/base balance.

Note: To access the online resources included with the text, you need to complete the FREE online registration that is located at https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/store?role=student

To Register to View the Content

1. Go to https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/store?role=student
2. Enter the name of the textbook, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, or ISBN 9780323654395 (name of text without the edition number) in the Search textbox.
3. Complete the registration process.

To View the Content for This Text

1. Go to https://evolve.elsevier.com/
2. Click on Student Site.
3. Type in your username and password.
4. Click on the Login button.
5. Click on the plus sign icon for Resources on the left side of the screen.
6. Click on the name of the textbook for this course.
7. Expand the menu on the left to locate all the chapters.
8. Navigate to the desired content (checklists, videos, animations, etc.).

Note: Clicking on the URLs in the APA citations for the Resources from the textbook will not link directly to the desired online content. Use the online menu to navigate to the desired content.

Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature, with a variety of factors and circumstances impacting their emergence and severity.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond isolated cell behavior. Genes, the environments in which cell processes operate, the impact of patient characteristics, and racial and ethnic variables all can have an important impact.

An understanding of the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:

• Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
• Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
• Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

By Day 7 of Week 2

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 2.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

• Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
• Click the Module 1 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
• Click the Module 1 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
• Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
• If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
• Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Module 1 Assignment Rubric

Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

Submit your Module 1 Assignment draft and review the originality report.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 2

To participate in this Assignment:

Module 1 Assignment

Sample Paper – Week 2 Assignment

NURS 6501 Week 2 Assignment – Altered Physiology

Altered Physiology

Student’s Name:

Institutional Affiliation:

Altered Physiology

One of the symptoms that the patient presented with is crampy left lower quadrant pain. The reason as to why the patient is presenting with this symptom is because of his history of diverticulitis. This is the main cause of persistent pain on the lower left side of the abdomen. Diverticulitis can also cause constipation and high fever (Feuerstein, & Falchuk, 2016). The symptom of constipation, in this case, is also being caused by his diet that lacks fiber. Foods with a low level of fiber take more time to digest, lose stools, irregular bowel movements, and cause a person to experience stomach pain. Eating food rich in fiber also prevents a person from being obese (Lockyer, Spiro, & Stanner, 2016).

The Genes that may be Associated with the Development of the Disease

Considering that the patient’s grandfather died of colon cancer back in the 1950s, it is evident that the disease is being genetically transferred since the patient tested positive for adenocarcinoma of the colon. Inherited mutations can be passed on in families and are found in a person’s cells. Colon cancer is one of the most common inherited cancer syndromes. Changes in the DNA inside our cells cause the development of cancer. DNA refers to the chemical in our cells that make up our genes and usually control our cells’ functioning. The genes that are involved in the development of this disease include MSH6 and MSH2 both on chromosome 2 and MLH1 on chromosome 3 (“Causes of Colorectal Cancer | Is Colon Cancer Hereditary?,” n.d.)   .Mistakes made in DNA replication are repaired by the protein products of these genes.  The mutation of these genes causes the proteins not to work as required, and hence the mistakes made in DNA replication end up not being repaired. As a result, the DNA gets damaged, which leads to the development of colon cancer.

Process of Immunosuppression and the Effect it has on Body Systems

This refers to the suppression of the body’s immune system and its ability to fight diseases and infections. The suppression may result from diseases that affect the immune system or the impact of pharmaceutical agents that fight certain conditions such as cancer (Axelrad, Lichtiger, & Yajnik, 2016).  To prevent rejection of the donor tissue, the process of immunosuppression can involve a deliberate induction with drugs to help in preparation for bone marrow or other organ transplantation. Some of the drugs administered during immunosuppression include corticosteroids, cyclosporine, FK506, azathioprine, and rapamycin. It also involves the use of irradiation to assist in depressing immune reactivity in recipients of bone marrow allotransplants or organ and the profound depression of immune’s response that affects individuals with certain diseases such as HIV. Immunosuppressant’s assists the new organ and the body to easily coexist.

After the process of immunosuppression, the immune system gets fooled into overlooking the organ that has been transplanted. In addition to that, potential harms to the body may also be overlooked by the immune system. This increases the risk of a person to infections and other diseases. The body becomes less resistant to infections when an immunosuppressant drug weakens the immune system (Rosenthal, & Moore, 2015).  Most drugs used during the process tend to decrease muscle function. Immunosuppression also increases the risk of malignancy and cardiovascular disease. The medications used during the process of immunosuppression can also increase the risk for fractures as they tend to decrease the bones’ density. The way the body manages the blood sugar is also altered. This increases the risk of high blood sugar and secondary diabetes.

Conclusion

Diverticulitis. This is the main cause of persistent pain on the lower left side of the abdomen. Inherited mutations can be passed on in families and are found in a person’s cells. Colon cancer is one of the most common inherited cancer syndromes. The genes that are involved in the development of this disease include MSH6, MSH2 and MLH1. Immunosuppression refers to the suppression of the body’s immune system and its ability to fight diseases and infections.

References

Axelrad, J. E., Lichtiger, S., & Yajnik, V. (2016). Inflammatory bowel disease and cancer: The role of inflammation, immunosuppression, and cancer treatment. World journal of gastroenterology, 22(20), 4794.

Causes of Colorectal Cancer | Is Colon Cancer Hereditary? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

Feuerstein, J. D., & Falchuk, K. R. (2016, August). Diverticulosis and diverticulitis. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 91, No. 8, pp. 1094-1104). Elsevier.

Lockyer, S., Spiro, A., & Stanner, S. (2016). Dietary fibre and the prevention of chronic disease–should health professionals be doing more to raise awareness?. Nutrition Bulletin, 41(3), 214-231.

Rosenthal, M. D., & Moore, F. A. (2015). Persistent inflammatory, immunosuppressed, catabolic syndrome (PICS): A new phenotype of multiple organ failure. Journal of advanced nutritional and human metabolism, 1(1).

What’s Coming Up in Module 2?

In Module 2, you will analyze processes related to cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. To do this, you will analyze alterations in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the resultant disease processes. You will also consider patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, which may impact physiological functioning and altered physiology.

Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders

In the Week 3 Knowledge Check, you will demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered during Module 2. This Knowledge Check will be composed of a series of questions related to specific scenarios provided. It is highly recommended that you review the Learning Resources in their entirety prior to taking the Knowledge Check, since the resources cover the topics addressed. Plan your time accordingly.

Next Module

To go to the next Module:

Module 2

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