Walden NURS 6501 Week 10 Assignment – Case Study Analysis, STDs and Infertility

Module 7: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

What’s Happening This Module?

Module 7: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders is a 1-week module, Week 10 of the course. In this module, you will examine fundamental concepts of diseases and disorders that impact women’s and men’s health, including infections and hematologic disorders. You will also evaluate the impact of patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, on physiological functioning within these populations.

Go to the Week’s Content

Week 10

Week 10: Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Literature, cinema, and other cultural references have long examined differences between women and men. These observations extend well beyond obvious and even inconspicuous traits to include cultural, behavioral, and biological differences that can impact pathophysiological process and, ultimately, health.

Understanding these differences in traits and their impact on pathophysiology can better equip acute care nurses to communicate to patients of both sexes. Furthermore, APRNs who are able to communicate these differences can better guide care to patients, whatever their gender.

This week, you examine fundamental concepts of women’s and men’s health disorders. You also explore common infections and hematologic disorders, and you apply the key terms and concepts that help communicate the pathophysiological nature of these issues to patients.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span
• Analyze processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders
• Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
• Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology

Learning Resources

Required Readings

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

• Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems (stop at Tests of reproductive function); Summary Review
• Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System (stop at Organ prolapse); pp. 787–788 (start at Impaired fertility) (stop at Disorders of the female breast); Summary Review
• Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System (stop at Hormone levels); Summary Review
• Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections, including Summary Review
• Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematological System (stop at Clinical evaluation of the hematological system); Summary Review
• Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function, including Summary Review
• Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function, including Summary Review

Low, N. & Broutet N. J. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections – Research priorities for new challenges. PLoS Medicine, (12), e1002481

Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3

Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management. Blood Journal, 131(5). Retrieved from http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/131/5/505?sso-checked=true

Credit Line: Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management by Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I., in Blood Journal, Vol. 131/Issue 5. Copyright 2019 by American Society of Hematology. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Hematology via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Document: NURS 6501 Final Exam Review (PDF document)

Note: Use this document to help you as you review for your Final Exam in Week 11.

Required Media

Module 7 Overview with Dr. Tara Harris

Dr. Tara Harris reviews the structure of Module 7 as well as the expectations for the module. Consider how you will manage your time as you review your media and Learning Resources throughout the module to prepare for your Knowledge Check and your Assignment. (3m)

Khan Academy. (2019a). Chronic disease vs iron deficiency anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/hematologic-system-diseases-2/iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease/v/chronic-disease-vs-iron-deficiency-anemia

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 5 minutes.

Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 24, 26, 28, and 30 that relate to the reproductive and hematological systems. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/

Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

In this exercise, you will complete a 10- to 20-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content.

Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:

• • Sexually transmitted diseases
  • Prostate
  • Epididymitis
  • Factors that affect fertility
  • Reproductive health
  • Alterations and fertility
  • Anemia
  • ITP and TTP
  • DIC
  • Thrombocytopeni

Complete the Knowledge Check By Day 7 of Week 10

To complete this Knowledge Check:

Module 7 Knowledge Check

Module 7 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of the factors surrounding women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders can be critically important to disease diagnosis and treatment in these areas. This importance is magnified by the fact that some diseases and disorders manifest differently based on the sex of the patient.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond the human systems involved. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact..

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in systems based on these characteristics is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

A 32-year-old female presents to the ED with a chief complaint of fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and vaginal discharge. She states these symptoms started about 3 days ago, but she thought she had the flu. She has begun to have LLQ pain and notes bilateral lower back pain. She denies dysuria, foul-smelling urine, or frequency. States she is married and has sexual intercourse with her husband. PMH negative.  Labs: CBC-WBC 18, Hgb 16, Hct 44, Plat 325, ­ Neuts & Lymphs, sed rate 46 mm/hr, C-reactive protein 67 mg/L CMP wnl  Vital signs T 103.2 F Pulse 120 Resp 22 and PaO2  99% on room air. Cardio-respiratory exam WNL with the exception of tachycardia but no murmurs, rubs, clicks, or gallops. Abdominal exam + for LLQ pain on deep palpation but no rebound or rigidity. Pelvic exam demonstrates copious foul-smelling green drainage with reddened cervix and + bilateral adenexal tenderness. + chandelier sign. Wet prep in ER + clue cells and gram stain in ER + gram negative diplococci.

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

• The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
• Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
• Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
• Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
• Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic).

Sample Paper – Week 10 Case Study Analysis

NURS 6501 Week 10 Assignment – Case study, STDs and Infertility

Case study, STDs and Infertility

Student’s Name

Institution of Affiliation

Course Name

Date

Introduction

Infertility is a global concern that accounts for over 9% of women in their reproductive age. In the United States, over 1.5 million are infertile. Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive within a period of 12 months or longer or regular unprotected sex. Infertility is associated with several factors that include tubal, endocrine, cervical, vaginal, pelvic, and peritoneal defects, however approximately 15-30 cases of infertility have not been explained (Tsevat et al, 2017).

STD and Infertility

Chlamydia and gonorrhea have been identified as STDs that can progress to cause infertility around the world. A CDC report indicates that there were over 2million cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea in the United States. They have been the most infectious sexually transmitted infections according to the report. These infections are easily treatable, however, they have few noticeable symptoms, making it harder for people to seek the appropriate care. Approximately 25% of women who present with symptoms show abdominal/pelvic pain, spotting, and unusual discharge. These infections progress to the uterus and the fallopian tubes to cause pelvic inflammatory disease (Tsevat et al, 2017). This leads to inflammation and scarring causing blockage on the fallopian tubes. Tubal scarring causes blockage of the tubes, preventing the eggs from reaching the uterus.

Inflammatory Markers in PID

When conducting laboratory tests for PID, results will indicate elevation on nonspecific markers i.e. white blood cells WBC, endoplasmic sedimentation rate ESR, and C- reactive protein CRP. These markers are usually diagnostic for several conditions that present with cell or tissue inflammation. CA-125 is another inflammatory marker identified in patients with PID. Several studies argue that elevation of CA-125 is an indication of peritoneal involvement and salpingitis (Ahmed et al, 2017). There is a significant correlation between salpingitis and tubal inflammation and levels of CA-125.

Systemic Reaction

In patients with STDs infection is the most common systemic reaction due to the pathogenesis of the disease. The bacteria often spread to the surrounding tissues such as the prostate, cervix, and vaginal walls due to interaction with urine or during sexual intercourse (Krivan et al, 2017). As such these bacteria proliferate and cause infection of the organs, increasing the severity of the condition.

Splenectomy in ITP

Patients diagnosed with ITP have idiopathic destruction of platelets in the body. This destruction is done at the targets located at the spleen. The use of steroids, immunoglobulin, and those drugs that boost platelet production have been identified as the alternative treatments of this disorder. However, splenectomy remains to be the most effective treatment method that removes the targets in the body that destroy these platelets (Chaturvedi et al, 2018). As compared to long-term use of medication, splenectomy treats the condition once through the removal of the targets that destroy platelets.

Anemia

Anemia is a hematologic condition characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin levels. Patients with anemia will present with paleness, confusion, exhaustion, and low appetite. It can be divided into macrocytic, normocytic, and microcytic anemia. Macrocytic anemia occurs when the red blood cells are larger than normal. These large cells will be fewer and carry less hemoglobin hence causing macrocytic anemia. Patients with normocytic anemia have normal size red blood cells that are fewer in the body. They may present tiredness, irritability, and shortness of breath. On the other hand, microcytic anemia presents with small and hypochromic red blood cells in the blood that do not carry adequate hemoglobin necessary to transport oxygen in the body (Weiss et al, 2019). Patients may present with paleness, weakness, irritability, shortness of breath, tachycardia, and pica.

References

Ahmed, S., Parvin, S., Shaha, D. R., Begum, P., Sanjowal, L., Hassan, M. K., & Arif, K. M. (2017). Clinical Profile of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). Faridpur Medical College Journal, 12(1), 25-30.

Chaturvedi, S., Arnold, D. M., & McCrae, K. R. (2018). Splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenia: down but not out. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 131(11), 1172-1182.

Krivan, G., Jolles, S., Granados, E. L., Paolantonacci, P., Ouaja, R., Cissé, O. A., & Bernatowska, E. (2017). New insights in the use of immunoglobulins for the management of immune deficiency (PID) patients. American journal of clinical and experimental immunology, 6(5), 76.

Tsevat, D. G., Wiesenfeld, H. C., Parks, C., & Peipert, J. F. (2017). Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 216(1), 1-9.

Weiss, G., Ganz, T., & Goodnough, L. T. (2019). Anemia of inflammation. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 133(1), 40-50.

Day 7 of Week 10

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

• Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M7Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
• Click the Module 7 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
• Click the Module 7  Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
• Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M7Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
• If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
• Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Module 7 Assignment Rubric

Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

Submit your Module 7 Assignment draft and review the originality report.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10

To participate in this Assignment:

Module 7 Assignment

What’s Coming Up in Module 8?

In Module 8, you will examine pediatric pathophysiology. You will identify diseases, disorders and issues relevant to the treatment of children. You will also take the Final Exam for the course.

Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics

In the Week 11 Knowledge Check, you will demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered during Module 11. This Knowledge Check will be composed of a series of questions related to specific scenarios provided. It is highly recommended that you review the Learning Resources in their entirety prior to taking the Knowledge Check, since the resources cover the topics addressed. Plan your time accordingly.

Week 11 Final Exam: Pediatrics

In the Week 11 Final Exam, you will demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered during Weeks 7–11 of the course. This Final Exam will be composed of a series of questions related to specific scenarios provided. It is highly recommended that you review the Learning Resources in their entirety prior to taking the Final Exam, since the resources cover the topics addressed. Plan

Next Module

To go to the next module:

Module 8

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