What’s Coming Up in Module 4?
In the next module, you will examine types of drugs prescribed to patients with endocrine disorders, such as diabetes, and you will consider the impact of patient factors on the effects of these drugs.
Next Week
To go to the next week:
Module 4: Endocrine System
The endocrine system plays an important role in the regulation and coordination of activities throughout the body. When alterations of these systems occur, many patients require long-term drug therapies. In addition to drugs prescribed by their health care providers, patients with these disorders also often take herbal and dietary supplements. This may impact the effects of prescribed drugs, as well as pose a concern of adverse drug reactions in patients. When treating patients with endocrine disorders, it is important to educate them on associated risks. As an advanced practice nurse prescribing drugs, you must carefully consider all drug, herbal, and dietary therapies prior to finalizing treatment plans.
What’s Happening In This Module?
Module 4: Endocrine System is a 1-week module, Week 5 of the course. In this module, you examine types of drugs prescribed to patients with endocrine disorders, as well as consider the impact of patient factors on the effects of drugs. You also examine types of diabetes and the impact of diabetes drugs on patients.
| What do I have to do? | When do I have to do it? |
| Review your Learning Resources | Days 1-7, Week 5 |
| Discussion: Diabetes and Drug Treatments | Post by Day 3 of Week 5, and respond to your colleagues by Day 6 of Week 5. |
Go to the Week’s Content
Week 5: Endocrine System Disorders and the Treatment of Diabetes
The endocrine system includes eight major glands throughout the body which affect such things as growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, and mood (National Institutes of Health). Some of the most commonly diagnosed endocrine disorders include hypothyroidism, diabetes, and Hashimoto’s disease. Not surprisingly, treating any one endocrine disorder may have effects on other body systems or their functions. As an advanced practice nurse, treating patients who may suffer from endocrine disorders requires an acute understanding of the structure and function of the endocrine system. Additionally, a solid understanding of patient factors and behaviors will assist in developing the best drug therapy plans possible to treat your patients. Some of most commonly diagnosed endocrine disorders include
This week, you differentiate the types of diabetes and examine the impact of diabetes drugs on patients. You also evaluate alternative drug treatments and patient education strategies for diabetes management.
Reference: National Institutes of Health. (n. d.). National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders. Endocrine diseases. Retrieved July 3, 2019 from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases
Learning Objectives
Students will:
- Differentiate types of diabetes
- Evaluate the impact of diabetes drugs on patients
- Evaluate alternative drug treatments and patient education strategies for diabetes management
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
- Chapter 48, “Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus” (pp. 397–415)
- Chapter 49, “Drugs for Thyroid Disorders” (pp. 416–424)
American Diabetes Association. (2018). Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Supplement 1), S73–S85. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/supplement_1/s73.full-text.pdf
This article provides guidance on pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment as it pertains to treating patients with diabetes. Reflect on the content of this article as you continue to examine potential drug treatments for patients with diabetes.
Discussion: Diabetes and Drug Treatments
Each year, 1.5 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2019). If left untreated, diabetic patients are at risk for several alterations, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, neuropathy, and blindness. There are various methods for treating diabetes, many of which include some form of drug therapy. The type of diabetes as well as the patient’s behavior factors will impact treatment recommendations.
For this Discussion, you compare types of diabetes, including drug treatments for type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.
Reference: American Diabetes Association. (2019). Statistics about diabetes. Retrieved from http://diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/
To Prepare
- Review the Resources for this module and reflect on differences between types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.
- Select one type of diabetes to focus on for this Discussion.
- Consider one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Then, reflect on dietary considerations related to treatment.
- Think about the short-term and long-term impact of the diabetes you selected on patients, including effects of drug treatments.
By Day 3 of Week 5
Post a brief explanation of the differences between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. Describe one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Be sure to include dietary considerations related to treatment. Then, explain the short-term and long-term impact of this type of diabetes on patients. including effects of drug treatments. Be specific and provide examples.
By Day 6 of Week 5
Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses and respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days who selected a different type of diabetes than you did. Provide recommendations for alternative drug treatments and patient education strategies for treatment and management.
Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link, and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!
Post by Day 3 of Week 5 and Respond by Day 6 of Week 5
Sample Paper Week 5 Discussion
Walden NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments
Diabetes
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic condition that is usually associated with blood sugar levels that are abnormally high. There are different types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin or failure to produce the insulin. In most cases, it develops during adolescence or childhood, but it can also develop in adults. Type 2 diabetes is a condition that affects how glucose in the body is metabolized. For this type of diabetes, the body tends to resist the insulin effects or fail to produce enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes has no cure but various diabetes medications or insulin therapy, as well as the change of lifestyle, can help manage the symptoms of the condition (Chatterjee, Khunti, & Davies, 2017). Gestational diabetes develops when blood sugar levels become high during pregnancy. It happens in the second half of pregnancy. This type of diabetes usually goes away after a person gives birth. Gestational diabetes increases the risk of a person getting type 2 diabetes later in life and can also affect the baby’s health (McIntyre et al., 2019). Juvenile diabetes affects mostly young people. This type of diabetes is considered the same as type 1 diabetes, mainly because approximately 90% of people below 25 years are affected by type 1 diabetes (Bimstein, Zangen, Abedrahim, & Katz, 2019).
Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
The condition can be managed through medication, and lifestyle change, such as healthy eating and physical activity. One type of drug that is used to treat type 2 diabetes is metformin. This drug works by lowering the production of glucose in the liver and improving the body’s sensitivity to insulin. This helps the body to be in a better position of using insulin more effectively. FDA approved this medication in 1994 as an antidiabetic medication that should be used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (American Diabetes Association. 2018). The medication comes as an extended-release as well as an immediate release. The medication should be administered orally from 500 to 2550 mg per day. Patients are usually advised to take the medication with a meal to help reduce GI upset. Some of the gastrointestinal effects include nausea and vomiting as well as diarrhea. In addition to that, the medication should be taken at the same time daily (Rena, Hardie, & Pearson, 2017). Some of the dietary considerations for patients who have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes include complex carbohydrates such as whole wheat, brown rice, oatmeal, quinoa, vegetables, lentils, and beans. Examples of the foods that should be avoided include pasta, sugar, flour, white bread, and pastries (Sami, Ansari, Butt, & Ab Hamid, 2017).
Impact of Type 2 Diabetes
The short-term impact of type 2 diabetes includes hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome and hypoglycemia. The long-term impact includes diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, kidney disease, and microvascular problems. Drugs used in treating Type 2 diabetes-like Thiazolidinedione increase an individuals’ risk of heart problems; DPP-4 inhibitors result in joint pain and ay cause pancreatic inflammation (Afanasiev et al., 2018).
In Conclusion, diabetes has several types, such as Type 1 Diabetes, juvenile diabetes, which is insulin-dependent. Gestational diabetes is usually temporary and occurs during pregnancy. All kinds of diabetes can be managed through medication, a healthy diet, and physical exercise.
References
Afanasiev, S. A., Garganeeva, A. A., Kuzheleva, E. A., Andriyanova, A. V., Kondratieva, D. S., & Popov, S. V. (2018). The impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on long-term prognosis in patients of different ages with myocardial infarction. Journal of diabetes research, 2018.
American Diabetes Association. (2018). Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Supplement 1), S73–S85. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/supplement_1/s73.full-text.pdf
Bimstein, E., Zangen, D., Abedrahim, W., & Katz, J. (2019). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Juvenile Diabetes)–A review for the pediatric oral health provider. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 43(6), 417-423.
Chatterjee, S., Khunti, K., & Davies, M. J. (2017). Type 2 diabetes. The Lancet, 389(10085), 2239-2251.
McIntyre, H. D., Catalano, P., Zhang, C., Desoye, G., Mathiesen, E. R., & Damm, P. (2019). Gestational diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 5(1), 1-19.
Rena, G., Hardie, D. G., & Pearson, E. R. (2017). The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia, 60(9), 1577-1585.
Sami, W., Ansari, T., Butt, N. S., & Ab Hamid, M. R. (2017). Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. International journal of health sciences, 11(2), 65.
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