Week 1 discussion
Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience
As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, it is essential for you to have a strong background in foundational neuroscience. In order to diagnose and treat clients, you must not only understand the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders but also how medications for these disorders impact the central nervous system. These concepts of foundational neuroscience can be challenging to understand. Therefore, this Discussion is designed to encourage you to think through these concepts, develop a rationale for your thinking, and deepen your understanding by interacting with your colleagues.
Required Readings
Note: All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using this link. This link will take you to a log-in page for the Walden Library. Once you log into the library, the Stahl website will appear.
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press *Preface, pp. ix–x
Note: To access the following chapters, click on the Essential Psychopharmacology, 4th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate chapter. Be sure to read all sections on the left navigation bar for each chapter.
Chapter 1, “Chemical Neurotransmission”
Chapter 2, “Transporters, Receptors, and Enzymes as Targets of Psychopharmacologic Drug Action”
Chapter 3, “Ion Channels as Targets of Psychopharmacologic Drug Action”
Document: Midterm Exam Study Guide (PDF)
Document: Final Exam Study Guide (PDF)
Required Media
Laureate Education (Producer). (2016i). Introduction to psychopharmacology [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 3 minutes.
Accessible player
Optional Resources
Laureate Education (Producer). (2009). Pathopharmacology: Disorders of the nervous system: Exploring the human brain [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 15 minutes.
Dr. Myslinski reviews the structure and function of the human brain. Using human brains, he examines and illustrates the development of the brain and areas impacted by disorders associated with the brain.
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Laureate Education (Producer). (2012). Introduction to advanced pharmacology [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 8 minutes.
In this media presentation, Dr. Terry Buttaro, associate professor of practice at Simmons School of Nursing and Health Sciences, discusses the importance of pharmacology for the advanced practice nurse.
Accessible player
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review this week’s Learning Resources.
Reflect on concepts of foundational neuroscience.
Walden NURS 6630 Week 1 Sample Paper
(Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology)
Psychopharmacologic Approaches
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Psychopharmacologic Approaches
Post 1
To apprehend the agonist-to-antagonist action spectrum of psychopharmacologic agents, it is at first vital to comprehend what the terms agonist and antagonist stands for. An agonist is a chemical that binds to the receptor, receptor initiates, and biological reactions produced (Wang, Su, Morin, Jones, Whitby, Surakattula & Moresco 2016). In contrast, an antagonist blocks the agonist action, and a reverse agonist cause actions opposite to the one for agonist (Monti, Perumal, Spence & Torterolo 2018). The agonist spectrum may be categorized by four types known as agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, an inverse agonist. The agonist unlocks the channel, maximal extent, and frequency permitted by the binding site.
In contrast, antagonists that are lying in the middle of the spectrum preserves the latent state with irregular channel opening. The inverse agonist puts the ion channel to an inactive and closed state. Antagonists can block whatever is in the agonist spectrum, and the ions are reverted to their latent state in all instances. Agonist ties to the receptor site, causing a response whereas the antagonist works contrary to the drug blocking the receptor. Agonist motivates the action, whereas antagonist sits idle, doing nothing. For the ideal therapeutic drug act, ion signal and flow transduction is necessary not too much hot, nor too cold and having the correct balance. Such a model state differs from clinical case to another depending on the balance among agonism and still antagonism.
Post 2
Two expansive families of the receptor proteins do their operational in closing and opening of postsynaptic ion passages (Fux, Mehta, Quan & Spafford 2018). Receptors in one of the families known as the inotropic receptor connected directly to the ion channels. These particular receptors comprise of two efficient domains, an extracellular site binding neurotransmitters, and secondly membrane-spanning area that forms ion channel. Thus, inotropic receptors combine the transmitter-binding channeling roles to a single molecular unit known as ligand-gated ion channels. Receptors of such are multimers comprising four or five individual proteins subunits. All of these units play parts in the ion channel pore. The metabotropic receptor is the second family of neurotransmitters. Here, the ion movement depends on lone or more metabolic phases. In the receptors, there is the absence of ion channels but are affected by intermediate instigation molecules known as G-proteins.
For this reason, the metabotropic receptors are likewise known as G-protein-coupled receptors. The metabotropic receptors are monomeric proteins with an extracellular dominion for neurotransmitter obligatory and intracellular dominion for required G-proteins. Neurotransmitter required to metabotropic receptors initiates the G-proteins and dissociates from receptor-interacting straight with the ion channels to make the intracellular envoys close and open ion channels. Thus, the G-proteins work as transducers coupling the neurotransmitter binding to the guideline of the postsynaptic ion channels.
Post 3
Epigenetics is the changes study influencing phenotype, causing no changes in the genotype (Verhoeven, Vonholdt & Sork 2016). It is as well the study of heritable but reversible variations in gene countenance deprived of any adjustments of the primary DNA system. Epigenetic appliances, mainly circulating RNAs, are seriously in use for investigative biomarkers presently. Epigenetic guideline of gene action is significant in upholding usual phenotypic cells activity, as well as in the management of illness as cancer counting neurodegenerative diseases such as schizophrenia and dementia. New drug classes are presently used to control epigenetic appliances to cope with disorders in individuals
Post 4
The pharmacology of drug knowledge is very significant for psychiatric, psychological health nurse physicians since she should be aware of how the drug action might be valuable for a particular patient (Arnold Gebke & Choy 2016). The practice concerning the prescription of medicine is especially severe for mental and psychiatric health patients since changes created by neurocognitive mechanisms might lead to an adjustment of drugs. The Psychiatric mental health nurse-physician should be alert of medication’s action when occupied with Alzheimer’s patients. Alzheimer’s illness is an enduring neurodegenerative illness that generally gets worse as time progresses. The disease cannot be managed fully, but its deteriorating indications may be controlled. The scientists and researchers currently are finding ways to complete the cure of this illness by epigenetic alterations that may reverse mechanism triggering the neurocognitive weakening through pharmacologic means. Thus, the information on drug pharmacology remains vital for psychiatric mental health nurse specialists while managing patients with Alzheimer’s illness so that she may define whether the treatment emphasis is based on preventing symptoms from being worse or trying hard to inverse the illness process.
References
Arnold, L. M., Gebke, K. B., & Choy, E. H. S. (2016). Fibromyalgia: management strategies for primary care providers. International journal of clinical practice, 70(2), 99-112.
Fux, J., Mehta, A., Quan, C., & Spafford, J. D. (2018). Origins, diversity, and adaptations of voltage-gated sodium channels and their accessory beta subunits. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1406.
Monti, J. M., Perumal, S. R. P., Spence, D. W., & Torterolo, P. (2018). The involvement of 5-HT 2A receptor in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, and the potential therapeutic use of selective 5-HT 2A receptor antagonists and inverse agonists for the treatment of an insomnia disorder. In 5-HT2A Receptors in the Central Nervous System (pp. 311-337). Humana Press, Cham.
Verhoeven, K. J., Vonholdt, B. M., & Sork, V. L. (2016). Epigenetics in ecology and evolution: what we know and what we need to know. Molecular Ecology, 25(8), 1631-1638.
Wang, Y., Su, L., Morin, M. D., Jones, B. T., Whitby, L. R., Surakattula, M. M., … & Moresco, E. M. Y. (2016). TLR4/MD-2 activation by a synthetic agonist with no similarity to LPS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(7), E884-E893.
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